|
The Jurchens or Jurcheds (Jurchen language: 35px ''jušen'') were a Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria until the 17th century, at which point they began referring to themselves as the Manchu people. The Jurchen established the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) (''Ancun gurun'' in the older Jurchen language and ''Aisin gurun'' in standard Manchu), a state that conquered the Song dynasty in 1127 during the Jin–Song Wars, gaining control of most of North China. Jin control over China lasted until the 1234 conquest by the Mongols. ==Etymology== The Jurchen autonym was ''Jušen'' until the 17th century, the original meaning of which is unclear. This name dates back to at least the beginning of the tenth century, when Balhae was destroyed by the Khitan people, although apparently cognate ethnonyms like Sushen and Jichen ()〔(《汲冢周书》 )〕 have been recorded in ancient geographical works like the ''Classic of Mountains and Seas'' and ''Book of Wei''. The English version of the name, "Jurchen," is from the Mongolian term ''Jürchin'', plural ''Jürchid'', and may have arrived in the West through Mongolian-language texts.〔Cf. Willard J. Peterson, ''The Cambridge History of China'' (Cambridge University Press, 2002)〕 A less-common English transliteration is "Jurched" from the Mongolian plural. It is thought by a number of Russian linguists and historians that the Duchers encountered by Russian explorers on the middle Amur River and lower Songhua River in the early 1650s who were evacuated by the Qing authorities further south a few years later were the descendants of Amur Jurchens〔(Амурская область: История НАРОДЫ АМУРСКОЙ ЗЕМЛИ ) (Amur Oblast - the History. The peoples of the Amur Land) 〕 and that the word "Ducher" itself is simply a variation of ''Jušen''.〔А.М.Пастухов (A.M. Pastukhov) (К вопросу о характере укреплений поселков приамурских племен середины XVII века и значении нанайского термина «гасян» ) (Regarding the fortification techniques used in the settlements of the Amur Valley tribes in the mid-17th century, and the meaning of the Nanai word "гасян" (''gasyan'')) 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jurchen people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|
